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GitLab教程(2): 在Linux系统上安装GitLab CE

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本文将详细介绍如何在Linux系统上安装GitLab Community Edition（社区版），包括多种安装方式和完整的配置步骤。

系统要求

# 最低配置
CPU: 4核
内存: 4GB (推荐8GB+)
存储: 10GB (推荐50GB+)

# 支持的操作系统
- Ubuntu 20.04/22.04/24.04 LTS
- Debian 11/12
- CentOS 7/Stream 8/Stream 9
- Rocky Linux 8/9
- AlmaLinux 8/9
- RHEL 7/8/9
- Amazon Linux 2

# 检查系统配置
cat /etc/os-release
free -h
df -h
nproc

使用官方包安装 (推荐)

Ubuntu/Debian

# 1. 安装依赖
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y curl openssh-server ca-certificates tzdata perl

# 2. 添加GitLab仓库
curl https://packages.gitlab.com/install/repositories/gitlab/gitlab-ce/script.deb.sh | sudo bash

# 输出示例
Detected operating system as Ubuntu/jammy.
Checking for curl...
Detected curl...
Checking for gpg...
Detected gpg...
Running apt-get update...
Installing apt-transport-https...
Installing gitlab-ce repository...

# 3. 安装GitLab CE
# 设置访问URL (替换为你的域名或IP)
sudo EXTERNAL_URL="http://gitlab.example.com" apt-get install gitlab-ce

# 安装过程输出
Selecting previously unselected package gitlab-ce.
Preparing to unpack .../gitlab-ce_16.8.1-ce.0_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gitlab-ce (16.8.1-ce.0) ...
Setting up gitlab-ce (16.8.1-ce.0) ...

       *.                  *.                  
      ***                 ***                 
     *****               *****                
    .******             *******               
    ********            ********              
   ,,,,,,,,,***********,,,,,,,,,              
  ,,,,,,,,,,,*********,,,,,,,,,,,             
  .,,,,,,,,,,,*******,,,,,,,,,,,,             
      ,,,,,,,,,*****,,,,,,,,,.                
         ,,,,,,,****,,,,,,                    
            .,,,***,,,,                       
                ,*,.                          

       _______ __  __          __             
      / ____(_) /_/ /   ____ _/ /_            
     / / __/ / __/ /   / __ `/ __ \           
    / /_/ / / /_/ /___/ /_/ / /_/ /           
    \____/_/\__/_____/\__,_/_.___/            

Thank you for installing GitLab!

# 4. 获取初始root密码
sudo cat /etc/gitlab/initial_root_password

# 输出示例
Password: xHk9f2YbPq3mNrTzWvQa

# 注意：此密码文件将在首次配置后24小时自动删除

CentOS/RHEL

# 1. 安装依赖
sudo yum install -y curl policycoreutils-python-utils openssh-server perl

# 启用SSH
sudo systemctl enable sshd
sudo systemctl start sshd

# 配置防火墙
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ssh
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

# 2. 添加GitLab仓库
curl https://packages.gitlab.com/install/repositories/gitlab/gitlab-ce/script.rpm.sh | sudo bash

# 3. 安装GitLab CE
sudo EXTERNAL_URL="http://gitlab.example.com" yum install -y gitlab-ce

# 4. 获取初始密码
sudo cat /etc/gitlab/initial_root_password

使用Docker安装

# 1. 创建数据目录
sudo mkdir -p /srv/gitlab/{config,logs,data}

# 2. 设置环境变量
export GITLAB_HOME=/srv/gitlab

# 3. 运行GitLab容器
docker run -d \
  --hostname gitlab.example.com \
  --name gitlab \
  --restart always \
  -p 443:443 \
  -p 80:80 \
  -p 22:22 \
  -v $GITLAB_HOME/config:/etc/gitlab \
  -v $GITLAB_HOME/logs:/var/log/gitlab \
  -v $GITLAB_HOME/data:/var/opt/gitlab \
  --shm-size 256m \
  gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest

# 4. 查看容器状态
docker ps

# 输出示例
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                     STATUS                   PORTS
a1b2c3d4e5f6   gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest   Up 5 minutes (healthy)   0.0.0.0:22->22/tcp, 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:443->443/tcp

# 5. 查看初始密码
docker exec -it gitlab grep 'Password:' /etc/gitlab/initial_root_password

# 输出示例
Password: abc123XYZ789

# 6. 查看日志
docker logs -f gitlab

使用Docker Compose安装

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  gitlab:
    image: gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest
    container_name: gitlab
    restart: always
    hostname: gitlab.example.com
    environment:
      GITLAB_OMNIBUS_CONFIG: |
        external_url 'https://gitlab.example.com'
        gitlab_rails['gitlab_shell_ssh_port'] = 2222
        # 配置SMTP
        gitlab_rails['smtp_enable'] = true
        gitlab_rails['smtp_address'] = "smtp.example.com"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_port'] = 587
        gitlab_rails['smtp_user_name'] = "gitlab@example.com"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_password'] = "your-password"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_domain'] = "example.com"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_authentication'] = "login"
        gitlab_rails['smtp_enable_starttls_auto'] = true
        # 配置时区
        gitlab_rails['time_zone'] = 'Asia/Shanghai'
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
      - "2222:22"
    volumes:
      - ./config:/etc/gitlab
      - ./logs:/var/log/gitlab
      - ./data:/var/opt/gitlab
    shm_size: '256m'

# 启动
docker-compose up -d

# 查看日志
docker-compose logs -f

# 获取初始密码
docker-compose exec gitlab cat /etc/gitlab/initial_root_password

基本配置

修改配置文件

# 编辑配置文件
sudo vim /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb

# 常用配置项

# 外部访问URL
external_url 'https://gitlab.example.com'

# 时区设置
gitlab_rails['time_zone'] = 'Asia/Shanghai'

# 邮件配置
gitlab_rails['smtp_enable'] = true
gitlab_rails['smtp_address'] = "smtp.example.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_port'] = 587
gitlab_rails['smtp_user_name'] = "gitlab@example.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_password'] = "your-password"
gitlab_rails['smtp_domain'] = "example.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_authentication'] = "login"
gitlab_rails['smtp_enable_starttls_auto'] = true
gitlab_rails['gitlab_email_from'] = 'gitlab@example.com'

# 禁用注册（生产环境）
gitlab_rails['gitlab_signup_enabled'] = false

# 应用配置
sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure

# 输出示例
Running handlers:
Running handlers complete
Chef Infra Client finished, 0/726 resources updated in 01 minutes 23 seconds
Notes:
Default admin account has been configured with following details:
Username: root
Password: You didn't opt-in to print initial root password to STDOUT.
gitlab Reconfigured!

配置HTTPS

# 方式1：使用Let's Encrypt自动获取证书
# /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb
external_url 'https://gitlab.example.com'
letsencrypt['enable'] = true
letsencrypt['contact_emails'] = ['admin@example.com']

sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure

# 方式2：使用自有证书
# /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb
external_url 'https://gitlab.example.com'
nginx['ssl_certificate'] = "/etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.crt"
nginx['ssl_certificate_key'] = "/etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.key"

# 创建证书目录
sudo mkdir -p /etc/gitlab/ssl
# 复制证书文件
sudo cp your-cert.crt /etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.crt
sudo cp your-key.key /etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.key
sudo chmod 600 /etc/gitlab/ssl/*

sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure

GitLab管理命令

# 服务管理
sudo gitlab-ctl status              # 查看状态
sudo gitlab-ctl start               # 启动
sudo gitlab-ctl stop                # 停止
sudo gitlab-ctl restart             # 重启
sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure         # 应用配置变更

# 状态输出示例
run: alertmanager: (pid 12345) 3600s
run: gitaly: (pid 12346) 3600s
run: gitlab-exporter: (pid 12347) 3600s
run: gitlab-kas: (pid 12348) 3600s
run: gitlab-workhorse: (pid 12349) 3600s
run: logrotate: (pid 12350) 3600s
run: nginx: (pid 12351) 3600s
run: puma: (pid 12352) 3600s
run: redis: (pid 12353) 3600s
run: sidekiq: (pid 12354) 3600s

# 查看日志
sudo gitlab-ctl tail                # 所有日志
sudo gitlab-ctl tail nginx          # Nginx日志
sudo gitlab-ctl tail puma           # 应用日志
sudo gitlab-ctl tail sidekiq        # 后台任务日志

# 健康检查
sudo gitlab-rake gitlab:check

# 输出示例
Checking GitLab subtasks ...
Checking GitLab Shell ...
GitLab Shell: ... GitLab Shell version >= 14.31.0 ? ... OK (14.31.0)
...
Checking Sidekiq ...
Sidekiq: ... Running? ... yes
...
Checking GitLab App ...
Git configured correctly? ... yes
...
Checking GitLab subtasks ... Finished

首次登录

# 1. 访问GitLab
# 浏览器打开: https://gitlab.example.com

# 2. 使用root账户登录
用户名: root
密码: (从initial_root_password获取)

# 3. 修改root密码
# 登录后会提示修改密码
# 或者通过命令行修改:
sudo gitlab-rake "gitlab:password:reset[root]"

# 输出示例
Enter password: 
Confirm password: 
Password successfully updated for user with username root.

# 4. 创建新用户
# Admin Area > Users > New user
# 或命令行:
sudo gitlab-rails console
> user = User.new(username: 'developer', email: 'dev@example.com', name: 'Developer', password: 'password123', password_confirmation: 'password123')
> user.skip_confirmation!
> user.save!
> exit

常见问题

# 问题1: 502错误
# 原因: 服务还在启动中，通常需要3-5分钟
# 解决: 等待几分钟后刷新

# 问题2: 内存不足
# 查看内存使用
free -h
# 调整Puma worker数量
# /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb
puma['worker_processes'] = 2

# 问题3: 端口被占用
sudo lsof -i :80
sudo lsof -i :22
# 修改GitLab端口
# /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb
nginx['listen_port'] = 8080
gitlab_rails['gitlab_shell_ssh_port'] = 2222

# 问题4: 忘记root密码
sudo gitlab-rake "gitlab:password:reset[root]"

总结

本文介绍了在Linux上安装GitLab CE的多种方式，包括官方包安装、Docker安装和Docker Compose安装。安装后需要进行基本配置并确保服务正常运行。

下一篇我们将学习GitLab的用户和组管理。

上一篇 GitLab教程(1): 什么是GitLab及其核心功能
下一篇 GitLab教程(3): 用户和组管理

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